GENERAL
Citation Sovereign+ · Model 680 · FAR Part 25
SPECIFICATIONS
Certification14 CFR Part 25
Engines2× Pratt & Whitney PW306D
Thrust (each, SL)5,907 lb / 26.28 kN
Engine flat rating88°F / 31°C
TBO (engine)6,000 hours
AvionicsGarmin G5000
Certified CeilingFL470
Typical Cruise AltitudeFL350 – FL430
Typical Cruise Speed410–460 KTAS
Range (NBAA IFR)~3,200 nm
Crew (minimum)1 Pilot + 1 Copilot
Max occupants14 (incl. crew)
DIMENSIONS
Length63 ft 6 in (19.35 m)
Height20 ft 4 in (6.20 m)
Wingspan72 ft 4 in (22.04 m)
Cabin length (excl. cockpit)25 ft 3 in (7.70 m)
Cabin height68 in (1.73 m)
Cabin width66 in (1.68 m)
WEIGHTS (lb)
Max Ramp Weight31,025
Max Takeoff Weight30,775
Max Landing Weight27,575
Max Zero Fuel Weight21,000
Max Tailcone Baggage1,000
Max floor loading (baggage)150 lb/ft²
Basic Operating Weight (typical)18,231
Max Fuel Capacity11,390 lb (1,700 gal)
Payload at full fuel~1,400 lb
OPERATIONS AUTHORIZED
DAY VFR
NIGHT VFR
IFR
KNOWN ICING
RVSM
OVER-WATER (w/ equip)
NOT certified forDitching (FAR 25.801)
AerobaticsPROHIBITED
Intentional stalls aboveFL180 prohibited
Max airport flight time3 hours (standby battery)
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
AFM Section II · 68FMA-02
AIRSPEED LIMITS
VMO (8,000–29,833 ft)305 KIAS
VMO (SL–8,000 ft)270 KIAS
MMO (above 29,833 ft)M 0.80
VFE – Flaps 1250 KIAS
VFE – Flaps 2200 KIAS
VFE – Flaps FULL175 KIAS
VLE / VLO (gear)210 KIAS
Turbulent air penetration225 KIAS / M 0.73
Max tire ground speed182 knots
VFTO (single engine)180 KIAS
Min icing speed (cruise)180 KIAS
Min RVSM speed160 KIAS
Speedbrake – min extendedVREF + 15 KIAS (10 panels)
Speedbrake maxNo limit
VMCA – Flaps 188 KIAS
VMCA – Flaps 285 KIAS
LOAD FACTORS
Flaps UP-1.2G to +3.0G
Flaps 1, 2 or FULL0.0G to +2.0G
Max zero-G duration20 seconds
Max landing sink rate600 fpm at MLW
ALTITUDE LIMITS
Maximum operating altitudeFL470
Max altitude with flapsFL180
APU – max start altitudeFL200
APU – max operating altitudeFL300
APU – max start airspeed250 KIAS
Wing anti-ice – max altitudeFL410 (OFF above)
Takeoff/landing max altitude14,000 ft
Max tailwind for TO/LDG10 knots
RVSM
Min weight in RVSM19,200 lb
Min speed in RVSM160 KIAS
Required equipmentBoth PFD altimeters · AP · Alt alerter · Transponder
Standby altimeterNOT approved for RVSM
TAKEOFF RESTRICTIONS
Red CAS displayedPROHIBITED
Amber CAS displayedRequires MEL deferral
Frost on wing leading edgePROHIBITED
Type II/III/IV deice fluidFlaps 1 ONLY (no FULL)
Boundary layer energizersAll 7/wing + 2 stall strips required
AP / YDDisengaged for TO & LDG
Lavatory doorsLatched OPEN for TO & LDG
Stabilizer trimSet per Fig 3-710-1
PRESSURIZATION LIMITS
Differential pressure – green range0.0 – 9.6 PSID
Relief valve setting9.6 (+0.1) PSID
Differential – red range≥ 9.7 PSID
Sea level cabin maintained to25,230 ft
Cabin altitude at FL4707,230 ft
ENGINES
Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306D Turbofan
ENGINE OPERATING LIMITS
| CONDITION | TIME | ITT°C | N1% | N2% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Takeoff (TO) | 5 min* | 920 | 105 | 105 |
| Max Continuous (MCT) | Cont. | 920 | 105 | 105 |
| Max Cruise (CRU) | Cont. | 920 | 105 | 105 |
| Reverse Thrust | 5 min | 920 | 105 | 105 |
| Starting | — | 950 | — | — |
| Transient (20 sec) | 20s | 950 | 106 | 106 |
* TO thrust: 5 min/flight. Extended to 10 min with one engine inoperative. Commences when throttle first reaches TO.
Oil pressure normal: 36–110 PSI. 20–36 PSI acceptable at N2 < 88%.
Oil temp: 16–135°C normal. Must be above 16°C to advance beyond 82% N1.
Ground static full power: max 2 minutes continuous.
STARTER / START CYCLE LIMITS
Rest after 1st attempt2 minutes
Rest after 2nd attempt5 minutes
Rest after 3rd attempt30 minutes
Max motoring (battery only)20 seconds
Max motoring (battery + gen)15 seconds
Max motoring (ext pwr 1000A)15 seconds
Max motoring (ext pwr 1500A)7 seconds
Engine battery starts/hour3 max
Tailwind for engine start>10 kt PROHIBITED
Quartering tailwindDownwind engine first, then turn into wind
Idle before shutdown2 minutes minimum
APU (RE100CS)
Max start altitudeFL200
Max operating altitudeFL300
Max airspeed for starts250 KIAS
APU starts/30 min3 cycles (90s rest between)
APU battery starts/hour9 max
Restart after shutdown30 sec after RPM reads 0%
After auto-shutdownCompartment inspection required
Deice/anti-ice fluidPROHIBITED with APU running
Unattended operationPROHIBITED
Reversers deployedMax 30 sec with APU running
APPROVED OILS
Approved typesMobil Jet II, Mobil Jet 254, BP Turbo 2380, AeroShell 500/560, Royco 500, Castrol 5000
Max consumption1 qt per 8 flight hours
Mixing oil typesPROHIBITED unless approved by P&WC
FADEC
ENG DISPATCH LIM interval125 hours (must not exceed)
L & R AVN buttonsON for start, ON until after shutdown
Thrust reversers – idle by65 KIAS
Touch-and-go with reversersPROHIBITED
Backing with reversersPROHIBITED
ELECTRICAL
DC Electrical System · Garmin G5000
GENERATOR LIMITS
| STATUS | ENGINE GEN | APU GEN |
|---|---|---|
| Ground | 300 A | 275 A |
| In Flight | 300 A | 275 A |
| Above FL350 | 275 A | N/A (APU inop) |
TRU – max 100 A each. Used only per AFM procedure.
BATTERY LIMITS
Minimum battery temp for start-10°C
Battery temp indicating systemMust be operational
Battery voltage – green23–32 V
Battery voltage – amber<23 V or >32 V
Battery temp – green-20°C to +63°C
Battery temp – red>63°C
EXTERNAL POWER
Maximum current1,500 A
Maximum voltage28 VDC
GENERATOR COOLING (GROUND)
Before shutdownIdle, <75 A load, 4 min min
If not cooled properly35-min cooling before restart
FUEL SYSTEM
AFM Section II · Fig 2-110-2
FUEL TEMPERATURE LIMITS
| FUEL TYPE | MIN TEMP | MAX TO/START | MAX OPERATING |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jet A | -35°C | +57°C | +61°C |
| Jet A-1 / JP-5 / JP-8 | -40°C | +57°C | +61°C |
| Jet B / JP-4 | See Fig 2-110-4 | ||
FUEL SYSTEM LIMITS
Total capacity11,390 lb (1,700 gal @ 6.7 lb/gal)
Max asymmetric imbalance (normal)400 lb
Max asymmetric (emergency)800 lb demonstrated
Fuel boost pump ON when≤600 lb per tank
Fuel qty amber display (per tank)<500 lb
Fuel qty amber (total)<1,000 lb
Refueling pressure10–55 PSI
Defueling pressure0 to -10 PSI
Max altitude (Jet A / Jet A-1)FL470
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
AFM Section II · Single hydraulic system
HYDRAULIC LIMITS
Approved fluidMIL-PRF-87257 ONLY
Normal pressure (green)2,300–3,300 PSI
Low pressure (amber)<2,300 PSI
High pressure (amber)>3,300 PSI
Reservoir volume (green)120–700 cu in
Reservoir low (amber)<120 cu in
Aux pump in flightPROHIBITED
Aux pump below -40°C (ground)PROHIBITED
PRESSURIZATION
Automatic pressurization system · Bleed air source
PRESSURIZATION OVERVIEW
Differential pressure – green range0.0–9.6 PSID
Relief valve opens at9.6 (+0.1) PSID
Differential – red range≥9.7 PSID
Sea level cabin to25,230 ft
Cabin alt at FL4707,230 ft
Pressurization sourceEngine bleed air (both engines)
LDG ELEVSet before flight
Target at touchdown<0.5 PSID
Above FL410 requirementBoth ENG BLD AIR NORM or HP + PRESS SOURCE NORM
Cabin alt warning (CAS)CABIN ALTITUDE (white = advisory)
OXYGEN SYSTEM
Oxygen typeAviator's Breathing (MIL-O-27210)
Medical oxygenNOT APPROVED
Crew mask max cabin alt40,000 ft
Passenger mask max cabin alt25,000 ft
Pressure (green range)1,600–1,800 PSI
Pressure (amber low)<400 PSI
PASS OXY selector (takeoff)AUTO (with passengers)
ICE & RAIN PROTECTION
AFM Section II · Bleed air thermal anti-ice
ANTI-ICE REQUIREMENTS
ENGINE / STAB ON when+10°C to -35°C in visible moisture
WING ON when+5°C to -35°C in visible moisture
WING OFF aboveFL410
Temp reference (ground)SAT
Temp reference (in flight)RAT
Max SAT with throttles above idle+20°C (except preflight check)
Min N2 with bleed air AI on >30 sec65% N2 both engines
Min icing cruise speed180 KIAS
PITOT / STATIC HEAT
Ground operation limit2 minutes MAX on ground
Anti-ice for deicing surfacesPROHIBITED (use ground deice)
Boundary layer energizersAll 7/wing + 2 stall strips required for TO
SEVERE ICING VISUAL CUES
Unusual ice accumulationAreas not normally collecting ice
Wing upper surface ice>12–18 in aft of heated leading edge
Action requiredRequest priority ATC handling, exit icing immediately
Severe icing possible atAs cold as -18°C (FAA AD 96-09-25)
FIRE PROTECTION
Engine · APU · Baggage compartment fire detection/extinguishing
ENGINE FIRE DETECTION
DetectionContinuous loop fire detector
Red ENG FIRE CASMASTER WARNING + double chime + aural
Fire bottle discharge (normal)BOTTLE ARMED button → discharge
Crossfeed bottle2nd bottle covers opposite engine
APU FIRE PROTECTION
APU fire detectionAutomatic detection + auto-shutdown
After APU auto-shutdownAPU compartment inspection required
BAGGAGE COMPARTMENT FIRE
Smoke detectionRequired if baggage carried
Red BAGGAGE FIRE CASMASTER WARNING + "Baggage Fire" aural
Fire extinguisherPrimary + secondary bottles
AVIONICS
Garmin G5000 Integrated Avionics System
G5000 OVERVIEW
Avionics suiteGarmin G5000
Primary displays2× PFD + 3× MFD
GTCGarmin Touchscreen Controller (2×)
Standby instrumentL3 Communications GH-3900.2 SFD
Reversionary mode takeoffPROHIBITED
Taxi before HNS alignmentPROHIBITED
Cat II ILSNOT AUTHORIZED
QFE operationsPROHIBITED
PLI (Pitch Limit Indicator)NOT sole means of stall avoidance
AOA SYSTEM
AOA gauge VREF indication~0.6 on AOA gauge
Green circle on airspeedIndicates VREF at all weights/flap positions
AOA primary instrumentNO – reference only; PFD airspeed is primary
STANDBY FLIGHT DISPLAY (SFD)
Pilot's Guide requiredL3 GH-3900.2 (P/N 0040-34400-01 Rev C+)
SFD must be functioningPrior to takeoff
Standby altimeter for RVSMNOT approved
STBY PWR switch testHold TEST ≥10 sec → green light stays on
NORMAL PROCEDURES
Condensed checklist · AFM Section III
BEFORE START
Documents (AFM, G5000 PG, GH-3900.2 PG)ON BOARD
STBY PWR SwitchTEST/ON
ENGINE RUN/STOP ButtonsSTOP
GEN Switches (3)ON
FUEL CROSSFEED KnobOFF
FUEL BOOST PUMP ButtonsNORM
PRESS SOURCE / ENG BLD AIRNORM
HYDRAULIC PUMP ENG ButtonsON
ANTI-ICE Buttons (all)OFF
CONTROL LOCK HandleAS REQUIRED
L & R AVN ButtonsON
Initialization / System Tests (GTC)COMPLETE
Stabilizer Trim (per Fig 3-710-1)SET
PASS OXY SelectorAUTO
CAS MessagesREVIEW/CLEAR
ENGINE START (NORMAL – APU/EXTERNAL POWER)
APU or External PowerAVAILABLE
ENGINE RUN/STOP Button (first engine)RUN
ITT – monitor for light-offVERIFY RISE
Oil pressure must indicate increase within 20 sec of ITT rise
ENGINE STARTER ButtonLIGHT EXTINGUISHED
Do NOT press STARTER DISENG within 5 seconds of pressing STARTER
ITT, N1, N2, Oil Press/TempWITHIN LIMITS
Repeat for second engine—
ELECTRICAL Amps/VoltsCHECK
BUS TIE ButtonVERIFY OPEN
External PowerDISCONNECT (AVAIL light out)
BEFORE TAXI
CONTROL LOCK HandleUNLOCK
Flight Controls / Nosewheel SteeringCHECK FREE & CORRECT
FLAP SelectorSET FOR TAKEOFF
SPEEDBRAKE HandleCHECK / RET
AltimetersCONFIRM / COMPARE (±50 ft each other, ±75 ft field elev)
V SpeedsSET / VERIFY
Pressurization LDG ELEVVERIFY / SET
EIS / CAS MessagesCHECK
Anti-Ice SystemsAS REQUIRED
BEFORE TAKEOFF
Anti-Ice Systems CheckCOMPLETE
Autopilot / Yaw DamperDISENGAGED
TransponderALT / AS REQUIRED
CAS Messages (no RED)VERIFY CLEAR
Flaps1 or 2 – SET & VERIFIED
Stabilizer TrimSET (in green band)
Lavatory doorsLATCHED OPEN
Seat belts & harnessesFASTENED
TAKEOFF / AFTER TAKEOFF
ThrottlesTO
At V1COMMIT TO TAKEOFF
At VRROTATE (7.5° initially)
Positive rate of climbGEAR UP
At VFTO (180 KIAS) or obstacle clearFLAPS UP
Climb speed250 KIAS / M 0.64
Altimeter (transition alt)SET STD / 1013.25 hPa
SPEEDBRAKERET (stow before 500 ft AGL for LDG)
BEFORE LANDING
LANDING GEAR HandleDOWN (3 green)
FLAP SelectorFULL
SPEEDBRAKE HandleRET
AirspeedVREF (AT off) or VREF+3 (AT on)
Autopilot (before min use height)DISENGAGE
Yaw DamperDISENGAGE before landing
Pressurization<0.5 PSID at touchdown
LANDING & GO-AROUND
LANDING
Throttles (at 40 ft if AT engaged, "RETARD")IDLE
SPEEDBRAKE Handle (at touchdown)EXT
Elevator (at touchdown)FORWARD PRESSURE
Brakes (after nosewheel touchdown)APPLY
Thrust Reversers (after NWS touchdown)DEPLOY
Thrust Reversers (deceleration)IDLE BY 65 KIAS
ALL-ENGINE GO-AROUND
TO/GA Button (either throttle)PUSH
ThrottlesTO
Pitch attitude7.5° (FD command)
FLAP Selector2
SPEEDBRAKERET
Climb speedVAPP minimum
Gear (positive rate)UP
FLAP (≥VAPP+10 & >400 ft AGL)UP
SHUTDOWN
Thrust ReversersSTOW
Anti-ice (PITOT/STATIC, WING)OFF
ThrottlesIDLE (2 min minimum)
Generator load before shutdown<75 A for 4 min (or 35 min cooling)
ENGINE RUN/STOP ButtonsSTOP
L & R AVN ButtonsOFF (after shutdown)
SIMPLIFIED PERFORMANCE CRITERIA (PA ≤4,000 ft, AI OFF, Dry, No tailwind)
| WEIGHT (lb) | V1 | VR | V2 | RWY min (ft) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20,000–24,000 | 100 | 100 | 112 | 4,000 |
| 24,001–27,000 | 101 | 103 | 112 | 4,500 |
| 27,001–29,000 | 105 | 106 | 115 | 5,000 |
| 29,001–30,775 | 109 | 109 | 117 | 5,500 |
For OAT 31–40°C add 1 kt to V1. VFTO = 180 KIAS (all weights). Flaps 2 for takeoff.
SIMPLIFIED LANDING SPEEDS (PA ≤4,000 ft, Flaps FULL)
| WEIGHT (lb) | VAPP (KIAS) | VREF (KIAS) |
|---|---|---|
| 20,000 | 99 | 93 |
| 22,000 | 104 | 98 |
| 24,000 | 109 | 102 |
| 26,000 | 113 | 106 |
| 27,575 | 116 | 109 |
CAS MESSAGES
Crew Alerting System · Garmin G5000 PFD
CAS COLOR LOGIC
⬜ WHITE — AdvisoryFlashes 5s then steady · No chime
🟡 AMBER — AbnormalMASTER CAUTION + single chime · Flashes until button pushed
🔴 RED — EmergencyMASTER WARNING flashing + double chime/aural · Cannot scroll off CAS
KEY WHITE CAS MESSAGES
A/I ENGINE COLDEngine anti-ice temp below threshold. Monitor when AI selected ON.
A/I WING XFLOW OPENWing anti-ice crossflow valve open. Normal when AI selected ON.
ALTAltitude pre-select alert – aircraft approaching selected altitude.
AP FAILAutopilot has failed or disengaged abnormally.
APU ONAPU is running. Advisory only.
BATTERY OFFBattery switch is off or battery disconnected.
BLD SEL NOT NORMBleed air selector not in NORM position.
BUS TIE CLOSEDBus tie relay is closed – normal with one generator failed.
CABIN ALTITUDECabin altitude advisory. Check pressurization system.
CONTROL LOCK ONFlight control lock engaged. Remove before taxi.
ENG DISPATCH LIMFADEC dispatch limit interval approaching (125 hr). Plan maintenance.
FUEL BST PUMP ONFuel boost pump manually selected ON.
FUEL CROSSFEEDFuel crossfeed valve open. Advisory.
FUEL FW SHUTOFFFuel firewall shutoff valve position advisory.
HDGHeading pre-select advisory.
LAVATORY DOORLavatory door not latched open. Must be latched for TO/LDG.
NO TAKEOFFTakeoff configuration not correct. Investigate before departure.
OIL FLTR BYPASSEngine oil filter bypass indicated. Monitor oil pressure/temperature.
OIL LEVEL LOWEngine oil level low. Service at earliest opportunity.
P/S COLDPitot/static probe temperature below threshold. Normal during preflight AI check.
PARK BRAKE ONParking brake is set.
VSPEEDSV-speeds have been entered into the system.
WSHLD HEAT INOPWindshield heat inoperative on one or both sides.
YD FAILYaw damper failure. Fly manually without yaw damper assist.
KEY AMBER CAS MESSAGES
A/I ENGINE HOTEngine anti-ice overtemperature. Reduce thrust or turn off AI.
A/I STAB HOTStabilizer anti-ice overtemperature. Check AI system.
A/I WING HOTWing anti-ice overtemperature. Reduce bleed air.
ACM BLD LEAKAir Cycle Machine bleed air leak detected.
ANTISKID FAILAnti-skid system inoperative. Increase landing distance by factor per AFM.
AOA PROBE FAILAngle of attack probe failure. Rely on airspeed for stall avoidance.
AP STAB TRIM INOPAutopilot stabilizer trim system inoperative.
APU FIRE DETECT FAILAPU fire detection system failure.
APU SYS FAILAPU system failure. Shutdown APU.
AT FAILAutothrottle system failure. Disconnect AT and fly manually.
AUTO TEST FAILAutomatic system test has failed. Review specific system.
DC GEN AMPSGenerator current exceeding limits. Reduce electrical load.
ENG FIRE DETECT FAILEngine fire detection loop failure.
FUEL LEVEL LOWFuel level low in one or both tanks (≤600 lb). Select boost pump ON.
HYD PRESS LOHydraulic pressure below 2,300 PSI. Check hydraulic system.
OIL PRESS LOEngine oil pressure below minimum (20 PSI). Reduce power or shutdown.
OIL TEMP HIEngine oil temperature exceeding limits. Reduce power.
PITOT HEAT FAILPitot tube heater failure. IAS may be unreliable in icing.
STALL WARN FAILStall warning system failure. Use reduced approach speed margins.
WINDSHEAR FAILWindshear detection system failure.
RED CAS MESSAGES
BAGGAGE FIRESmoke/fire detected in baggage compartment. Discharge extinguisher per AFM emergency procedure.
ENGINE FIRE L / REngine fire detected. MEMORY ITEMS: throttle idle, ENGINE RUN/STOP STOP, BOTTLE ARMED discharge. Land ASAP.
APU FIREAPU fire detected. Shut down APU immediately, discharge bottle per AFM.
CABIN ALTITUDE HICabin altitude reached emergency level. Don oxygen masks, initiate emergency descent.
DIFF PRESS HICabin differential pressure exceeding limits (≥9.7 PSID).
ENG OIL PRESS LOEngine oil pressure critically low. Reduce thrust, monitor for engine failure.
HYD PRESS HIHydraulic pressure critically high. Follow AFM abnormal procedure.
OIL TEMP HI (red)Engine oil temperature at critical limit. Reduce thrust, prepare for shutdown.
QUIZ
Citation Sovereign+ · Systems & Limitations
0 / 0 ANSWERED
GLOSSARY
Citation Sovereign+ Key Terms
AOA
Angle of Attack – angle between wing chord line and relative wind. Displayed on cockpit gauge; VREF ≈ 0.6 on gauge.
APU
Auxiliary Power Unit (RE100CS). Provides bleed air and electrical power independent of engines. Max start FL200, max ops FL300.
AT
Autothrottle – automatic thrust management system integrated with G5000.
BLD AIR
Bleed air extracted from engine compressor for pressurization, air conditioning, and anti-ice.
BUS TIE
Electrical relay connecting left and right DC buses. Normally OPEN; closes automatically if one generator fails.
CAS
Crew Alerting System – displays white, amber, and red messages on PFD. Part of Garmin G5000.
FADEC
Full Authority Digital Engine Control – electronic engine management for PW306D.
FD
Flight Director – provides pitch/roll guidance bars on PFD.
FMS
Flight Management System – integrated into Garmin G5000 for navigation and flight planning.
GTC
Garmin Touchscreen Controller – the touch interface for the G5000 avionics. Two units (pilot and copilot).
ITT
Inter-Turbine Temperature – primary engine temperature limit. Normal ops max 920°C; start max 950°C.
MCT
Maximum Continuous Thrust – maximum thrust for continuous use (no time limit). Same ITT/N1/N2 limits as TO.
MEL
Minimum Equipment List – approved list of items that may be inoperative for dispatch under specific conditions.
MMO
Maximum Operating Mach Number – Mach 0.80 above 29,833 ft.
N1
Fan speed (%) – primary power setting reference for PW306D. Max 105% normal; 106% transient 20s.
N2
Core speed (%) – high-pressure compressor/turbine spool. Max 105% normal; 106% transient 20s.
PFD
Primary Flight Display – shows attitude, airspeed, altitude, heading, CAS messages.
PLI
Pitch Limit Indicator – shows maximum usable pitch before stall. Reference only, not primary stall avoidance.
RAT
Ram Air Temperature – actual air temperature measured in flight (corrected for ram rise).
RVSM
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum – 1,000 ft separation between FL290–FL410. Min 160 KIAS, min 19,200 lb.
SAT
Static Air Temperature – outside air temperature measured without ram rise correction (used on ground).
SFD
Standby Flight Display – L3 GH-3900.2; must function prior to takeoff. Not approved for RVSM.
TRU
Transformer-Rectifier Unit – converts AC to DC. Max 100 A each; used only per AFM procedure.
VAPP
Approach speed = VREF + 7 KIAS (normal). For Flaps 2.
VFTO
Final Takeoff Speed – minimum single-engine enroute climb speed = 180 KIAS.
VLE/VLO
Max gear extended/operating speed = 210 KIAS.
VMO
Maximum Operating Speed – 305 KIAS (8,000–29,833 ft), 270 KIAS (below 8,000 ft).
VREF
Reference approach speed – Flaps FULL landing speed at a given weight. 109 KIAS at MLW (27,575 lb).